Plasmoids observed in the near‐Earth magnetotail at <i>X</i> ∼ −7 <i>R</i><sub><i>E</i></sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent studies have statistically shown that the magnetic reconnection site at substorm expansion onset is located in the magnetotail at X ∼ −20 RE on average. For a substorm event that occurred at ∼0153 UT on 2 July 1996, however, Geotail observed a series of tailward but slow flows with southward magnetic fields fairly close to the Earth at (X, Y) ∼ (−7, 9) RE. The flows had enhancements of the total pressure and the total magnetic field as well as bidirectional field‐aligned low‐energy electrons in their central part. We interpret these as signatures for tailward moving small plasmoids with scales of ∼0.5–3 RE. Considering that GOES‐8 observed a dipolarization at (X, Y) ∼ (−4, 5) RE after the expansion onset, we estimate that the magnetic reconnection occurred between the Geotail and GOES‐8 positions. UVI auroral images from Polar and ground magnetic field data show that this substorm, initiated at ∼20 hours MLT and ∼64° magnetic latitude, was not very intense, and the period examined was not during an intense storm. The southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) was not very large, while the large duskward IMF persisted for more than 12 hours before the onset as well as the somewhat large solar wind dynamic pressure. It seems likely that the global ionospheric convection was not very strong. Locally enhanced convection and auroral oval expansion due to the large IMF By and the solar wind dynamic pressure might lead to the initiation of the magnetic reconnection much closer to the Earth than usual.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".