Removal of Phenolic Compounds in Water by Ultrafiltration Membrane Treatments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ultrafiltration (UF) of aqueous solutions containing mixtures of three phenolic compounds (gallic acid, acetovanillone, and esculetin) was studied in a tangential UF laboratory system. These substances were selected as model pollutants present in the tannic fraction of the cork processing wastewaters. The two membranes used were a polyethersulfone membrane (Biomax5K) and a regenerated cellulose membrane (Ultracel5K), both with a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 5000 Da. Previous experiments for the characterization of the membranes led to values for the water hydraulic permeability of 70.3 and 18.1 L/h x m2 x bar for the Biomax5K and Ultracel5K membranes, respectively. During the UF experiments, the permeate flow rate remained almost constant with processing time and the evolution of the pollutants concentrations varied depending on the nature of the membranes and the substances. The influence of the main operating variables (tansmembrane pressure and feed flow rate) on the permeate flux was established, and values for the apparent and intrinsic rejection coefficients were evaluated. Cork processing wastewater UF experiments were also conducted under similar operating conditions to those applied to the ultrapure water solutions. Removals of chemical oxygen demand, aromatic and tannic contents, and color were determined in these experiments, and the elimination of the three model compounds in the wastewater was also followed, with the evaluation of their apparent rejection coefficients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".