The contribution of sound in determining the perceptual upright
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The perceived direction of up depends on visual, gravity, and body cues, each of which is given a weighting by the brain (Dyde et al., 2006). Little work has been done, however, to demonstrate whether sound might also be usable by the brain as a cue to up. Here we assess the possible contribution of sound to perceived orientation by adding a sound cue to gravity. The perceptual upright, the direction in which a character is most easily recognized, was assessed using the Oriented Character Recognition Test (OCHART). Subjects identified the character ‘p’ that was presented in various orientations (0–360 degrees rotation) as either a ‘p’ or ‘d’. The orientations were chosen by a QUEST adaptive staircase procedure and the mean of the points of subjective equality was taken as the perceptual upright. Subjects lay on their side and viewed a laptop screen through a shroud. Thus, body and gravity cues were orthogonal and swings of the perceptual upright towards or away from gravity could be measured. Loudspeakers were mounted above and below the lying subject (opposite the left and right ears) and sounds were presented synchronized to the appearance of the character on the screen. Changes in the direction of the PU were recorded depending on whether a sound was present or not. We conclude that sounds can contribute to the perception of upright.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".