Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl delivered transdermally in healthy adult horses – variability among horses and its clinical implications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The safety and pharmacokinetics of fentanyl, delivered transdermally at a dosage of 60-67 microg/kg, were investigated in six healthy adult horses. Three transdermal fentanyl patches (Duragesic), each containing 10 mg of fentanyl citrate, were applied to the mid-dorsal thorax of each horse and left in place for 72 h. Plasma fentanyl concentrations were periodically measured throughout this period and for 12 h after patch removal. After an initial delay of approximately 2 h, the plasma fentanyl concentration rose rapidly in a fairly linear fashion, reaching a peak at around 12 h; thereafter, it gradually declined in a roughly linear manner over the next 72 h. There was much individual variation, however. The initial delay ranged from 0 to 5.1 h (mean, 1.91+/-2.0 h), Tcmax ranged from 8.5 to 14.5 h (mean, 11.4+/-2.7 h) and Cmax ranged from 0.67 to 5.12 ng/mL (mean, 2.77+/-1.92 ng/mL). In two horses, the plasma fentanyl concentration failed to reach even 1 ng/mL, whereas in the other four horses it was >1 ng/mL for at least 40 h and for at least 72 h in two of these horses. No adverse effects attributable to fentanyl were observed in any of the horses, indicating that this dosage is safe in systemically healthy adult horses. However, it failed to achieve plasma fentanyl concentrations generally considered to be analgesic (>or=1 ng/mL) in about one-third of horses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".