Trends in HIV Prevalence Among Pregnant Women in Italy, 1994 to 2002
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze the trends in HIV prevalence among childbearing women through unlinked anonymous testing of newborns. METHODS: Dried-blood specimens, residual to routine metabolic screening of newborns, were collected in Italy during the last quarter of each year, from 1994 to 2002. These samples were tested anonymously for HIV antibodies. RESULTS: Of 844,311 specimens tested, 703 (0.83/1000; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-0.88) resulted as HIV antibody-reactive. Prevalence was 1.05 per 1000 in 1994 and decreased significantly over the following 3 years, reaching 0.60 per 1000 in 1997. Thereafter, a seroprevalence increase was recorded with a figure of 1.01 per 1000 in 1999. A decrease was again observed in 2001 and in 2002, when the seroprevalence rate was significantly lower than that recorded in 1994. During the entire study period, higher prevalence rates were observed in northern Italian regions, where the highest AIDS incidence rates are recorded, and in metropolitan compared with nonmetropolitan areas. The estimated number of children born each year to an HIV-positive mother ranged from 313 to 546. CONCLUSION: The number of children born to an HIV-positive mother calls for continued efforts to prevent vertical transmission of the infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".