Gastrointestinal nematodes, trace elements, and immunity
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The exploration of the scientific literature on the interrelationship among trace elements, gastrointestinal nematodes, and their requisite Th2 immunity demonstrates extensive literature but regrettably, research remains inadequate and sparse, with far fewer studies having investigated the interrelationship among trace elements and host immunity in infected hosts. Gastrointestinal nematodes, such as hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides , and Trichuris trichiura , require activation of the Th2 arm of the immune cascade and the expression of the Th2 cytokines (interleukin‐4, interleukin‐5, and interleukin‐10) and their effectors for worm expulsion. However, parasites have evolved a series of strategies to invade the host and to evade host defense mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms involve metalloproteinases for tissue invasion and enzymes, such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, to minimize free radical damage to the parasitic tissues from the host's immune system. Deficiencies of iron, molybdenum, copper, and zinc, have been associated with higher worm burdens, as have excessive intakes of molybdenum, iron, and copper. The possibility is emerging that there may be an optimum trace element level in the diet above which and below which the parasite is advantaged. Moreover, there is some data to suggest that specific trace elements may be directly toxic to the parasite. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 16: 237–251, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it