Langmuir Monolayers of Polyion Complexes of Soluble Quaternary Ammonium-Functionalized Azobenzene Chromophores
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polyion complex formation at the air−water interface between carboxymethylcellulose and a series of triethylammonium-functionalized amphiphiles containing the 4-nitro-4‘-alkoxy azobenzene chromophore has been investigated. Surface pressure−area isotherms are found to exhibit a systematic dependence on subphase concentration up to a certain critical concentration, which depends on the chromophore spacer length. However, UV−visible, polarized FT-IR, and X-ray reflectivity measurements indicate no significant differences in molecular density, molecular orientation, or film thickness for Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films transferred at a given surface pressure from different polyion subphase concentrations. LB films prepared at different polyion concentrations thus appear to have essentially identical structures, despite the differences in the recorded surface pressure−area isotherms. Isotherm dependence on subphase concentration is therefore attributed to partial loss of the soluble amphiphile into the water subphase at lower polymer concentrations. These results imply that isotherms obtained below the critical subphase concentration give false (or apparent) molecular areas, which may lead to erroneous conclusions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".