Effects of feeding wheat middlings on production, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and carcass characteristics in beef cattle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies were conducted to compare the feed value of wheat middlings (WM) to cereal grains in rations with varying concentrate to roughage levels. In two separate studies, weaned heifers and steers were fed corn silage/alfalf a hay-based growing diets where the concentrate source was either a control diet consisting of rolled barley (heifers) or rolled corn (steers) versus WM, over an 84-d period. In a 107-d study, finishing steers were fed treatments that consisted of rolled corn (C) plus either 35% wheat middlings (WM35) or 50% wheat middlings (WM50). A single cross-over designed digestibility study was also conducted utilizing four cannulated yearling heifers fed either a corn or WM50 diet from the finishing steer study. Results from the heifer and growing and finishing steer studies showed that average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efficience (FE) were not affected (P > 0.05) by feeding treatment. Carcass characteristics, including hot carcass weight, ribeye area, backfat, yield, quality grade and cutability were also unaffected (P > 0.05) by feed treatment. Results from the digestibility studies indicated total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were increased (P = 0.023) in the WM diet, with acetate lower (P = 0.0003) than the C group, and pH levels of 5.81 and 5.55 for the C and WM treatments respectively (P = 0.011). Dry matter and ADF digestibilities were not affected (P > 0.05) by feed treatment. It is concluded from these studies that WM can be fed to growing beef heifers and steers as an alternative to more traditional concentrate sources such as corn or barley. Wheat middlings could replace up to 50% of the concentrate in a finishing ration. However, certain ruminal fermentation characteristics such as pH, acetate: propionate ratio and total volatile fatty acids may be altered, which could affect performance over an extended feeding period. Key words: Wheat middlings, average daily gain, feed efficiency, digestibility, ruminal degradation, beef cattle
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".