A New Gel-Foam System for Water Shutoff Purposes in Wormhole Reservoirs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Oil reservoirs in the Lloydminister region, Canada, are produced through the process of Clod Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS). Implementation of CHOPS in these fields causes the formation of wormholes, which leads to production of excessive water and abandonment of the wells. In order to reduce the excess water production from wormholes, variety of techniques have been suggested and tested with minimal success. Blocking the wormholes by the means of clay, polymer-gel systems, and gel-foams are among the proposed methods. This paper presents the results of a series of experiments conducted in order to develop and test the applicability of a new gel-foam system for blocking wormholes in oil reservoirs. As a result, a new gel-foam system was invented that creates stable foam in wormholes for the duration of gelation time. The composition of the gel-foam was based on polyacrylamide cross linked with chromium(III), plus a mixture of solutions of two commercially available surfactants. These commercially available surfactants were tested at various concentrations and ratios to develop the most stable gel-foam system. An experimental set up was designed and built which allowed for two layers of unconsolidated sand as the matrix separated by a high permeability wormhole between them. The effect of various sizes of wormholes on the performance of this gel-foam system was tested. All experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure and constant temperature of 30°C, with some experiments in the presence of residual oil. For all the experiments the residual resistance factors to the flow of water in high permeability pathways were in the range of 25 to about 200. The results obtained are clear indication of the effectiveness of this newly developed gel-foam system for blocking wormholes and other high permeability pathways in reservoirs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".