Phase Transitions in Spread Monolayers of Cellulose Ethers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cellulose ethers containing alkyl side chains of varying length were prepared from (2-hydroxypropyl)cellulose and alkyl bromides. Two different synthetic methods were employed. The average degree of alkyl substitution of the product polymers ranges from 1.8 to 2.8, as determined from 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Surface pressure−area isotherms recorded for spread monolayers depend on temperature, side-chain length, and degree of substitution. Most striking is the temperature dependence. For certain samples, a constant pressure transition is clearly evident in isotherms recorded at higher temperatures. Upon modest cooling, the plateau vanishes, although changes in slope indicate that a phase transition persists. Results are interpreted in terms of partial crystallization in interdigitated side chains. For samples that exhibit a constant pressure transition, the plateau pressure increases with decreasing the subphase temperature. Thermodynamic analysis yields positive entropy and enthalpy changes for the transition, consistent with a transition from a monolayer to a less ordered bilayer. An energy change associated with the transition is calculated as ΔE = 60 ± 15 kJ mol - 1 . LB films transferred to solid substrates were characterized by polarized infrared spectroscopy. These results suggest that the alkyl side chains exist in a predominately all-trans conformation in the LB films.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".