PROPHET 1998 meteorological overview and air‐mass classification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Program for Research on Oxidants: Photochemistry, Emissions, and Transport (PROPHET) summer 1998 measurements intensive was conducted from a tower above a forested site in northern Michigan. This paper provides a brief overview of the meteorological conditions and establishes that the study period was moderately drier and warmer than the climatological mean. The paper also identifies and chemically characterizes the major air mass types influencing the site. Meteorological analyses and back trajectories establish that air mass origin oscillated between relatively clean Canadian regions (except for periods influenced by Canadian forest fires) and regions of greater anthropogenic emissions in the contiguous United States. Higher mixing ratios of ozone, CO, NOx, and NOz were generally associated with southerly transport, which occurred 24% of the time. Lower mixing ratios were observed under northerly transport, which occurred 44% of the time. The dominance of northerly transport was due to a stronger than normal Hudson Bay low. The remaining 32% of the time was occupied by transitional periods between distinct air masses. A positive slope exists between ozone and CO when photochemically aged air masses are selected. However, no meaningful relationship between ozone and CO was observed when northerly and southerly transport periods were considered separately. Comparison to other summertime rural locations suggests that rapid and frequent transitions between air masses of contrasting source regions play an important role in maintaining the 0.3 O3/CO slope commonly observed in eastern North America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".