Diabetes mellitus following gestational diabetes: role of subsequent pregnancy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine the rate of diabetes up to 13 years after pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes and to identify risk factors for developing diabetes. The role of a subsequent pregnancy, with and without gestational diabetes, was also examined. DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of women with gestational diabetes. POPULATION AND SETTING: Women who had gestational diabetes in their first pregnancy between 1989 and 2002 were identified through a population-based perinatal database in Nova Scotia, Canada. METHODS: Subsequent diagnoses of diabetes, up to 13 years after the first pregnancy, were obtained from physician billing and hospital discharge databases. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diagnosis of diabetes after pregnancy. RESULTS: Of the 1401 nulliparous women with gestational diabetes, 251 women (17.9%) developed diabetes in the follow-up period. The cumulative incidence at 1, 5, and 10 years was 5.9, 14.8, and 22.2%, respectively. Factors significantly associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus included a pre-pregnancy weight of > or = 86 kg (RR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.9), insulin therapy during the index pregnancy (RR = 4.1, 95% CI 2.1-7.9), neonatal hypoglycaemia (RR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.6-4.2), and a subsequent pregnancy with gestational diabetes (RR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.6-3.4). CONCLUSION: Indicators of the severity of gestational diabetes, defined by insulin use, neonatal hypoglycaemia, and recurrent gestational diabetes in a subsequent pregnancy, are important in predicting a subsequent diagnosis of diabetes. Our findings do not support the theory that subsequent pregnancy, per se, increases the risk of developing diabetes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".