Structure and Induced Drag of a Tip Vortex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The three-dimensional flow structure of a tip vortex in the near wake of both a rectangular, square-tipped NACA 0015 airfoil and a high-lift cambered airfoil was investigated by using a seven-hole pressure probe at Re = 2.01 x 10 5 . Lift-induced drag was computed based on vorticity and was compared with force-balance data. For both the airfoils tested, the vortex strength reached a maximum immediately behind the trailing edge and remained nearly constant up to two chord lengths downstream. As the airfoil incidence increased, the increase in the lift force resulted in a basically linear increase in the vortex strength and the peak values of the tangential velocity and vorticity, whereas the vortex radius did not appear to have a clear dependence on the vortex strength. Depending on the airfoil incidence, the core axial velocity could be wake-like or jet-like. The normalized circulation within the inner region of the nearly axisymmetric tip vortex exhibited a universal, or self-similar, structure. The NACA 0015 airfoil, however, possessed smaller tangential velocities but similar vortex core diameters compared to those of a cambered airfoil
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".