General Equation for Size Nanocharacterization of the Core−Shell Nanoparticles by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nanocharacterization is essential for nanoengineering of new types of core-shell (c-s) nanoparticles, which can be used to design new devices for photonics, electronics, catalysis, medicine, etc. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been widely used to study the elemental composition of the c-s nanoparticles. However, the physical and chemical properties of a c-s nanoparticle dramatically depend on the sizes of its core and shell. We therefore propose a general equation for the XPS intensity of a c-s nanoparticle, which is based on an analytical model. With this equation, XPS can now also be used for nanocharacterization of the core and shell sizes of the c-s nanoparticles (with a diameter smaller than or equal to the XPS probing depth of approximately 10 nm). To validate the new equation with experimental XPS data, we first determine the average shell thickness of a group of c-s nanoparticles by comparing the XPS intensity of reference bare cores to that of the c-s nanoparticles. Then we study the growth kinetics of the cores and shells of another group of c-s nanoparticles where the shells are obtained by oxidation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".