National Hockey League players' experiences with career-ending concussions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective This study investigated the experiences of National Hockey League (NHL) players who retired due to medically diagnosed concussions they incurred during their playing careers. Design An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA; Smithet al, 2009) was used to examine the interview data. IPA is a qualitative research methodology used to understand and explore how people make sense of important life experiences and has been commonly used in health research (Smith, 2011). Setting Interviews were conducted in various cities in North America. Participants Five former NHL players whose professional careers spanned more than 10 seasons were interviewed for this project. Results Participants in this study articulated the type and intensity of the physical (eg, headaches, visual impairments) and psychological (eg, isolation, depression, suicidal ideation) concussion symptoms they endured during their careers, including how these symptoms impacted their professional careers, quality of lives, and relationships with family members and medical professionals. Participants said they continued to experience physical symptoms such as headaches, sensitivity to bright lights, and concentration problems after their careers, which has affected their post-athletic lives and has disturbed their daily functioning. Conclusions These are the first results to empirically document the experiences of professional athletes who suffered career-ending concussions. Findings from this study concur with McCroryet al's (2009) call for longitudinal research to better understand the implications of concussive injury. Additionally, our results indicate a need for psychological counselling in conjunction with medical guidance during rehabilitation from concussion and transition to post-athletic lives. Competing interests None.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".