Bibliographic record
Abstract
On 21 August 2011, a Humboldt Penguin (Spheniscus humboldti; Fig. 1) was observed on Willoughby Rock, Washington (476 24.609 N, 1246 21.169 W) during a Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) survey. Other species of birds on Willoughby Rock include Common Murre (Uria aalge), Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), Heermann’s Gull (Larus heermanni), and Brandt’s Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus). The penguin was sitting above the high tide line in close proximity to Brandt’s Cormorants and Heermann’s Gulls. The penguin was photographed with 2 Nikon D70 cameras, each with 70–300 mm lenses and examined with 7 3 50 binoculars. No bands or other markings were observed on the penguin. The normal home range of Humboldt Penguins is restricted to the coast and offshore islands of Peru and Chile affected by the Peruvian Current (Hays 1986), roughly from 426 S to 56 S (Williams 1995). Extralimital sightings in North America have been reported in the past, although very rarely. Van Buren and Boersma (2007) summarized the reported sightings of Humboldt Penguins off the west coast of North America as: 1944 at Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia; 1975 near Long Beach, Washington; 1978 on Vancouver Island, British Columbia; 1985 off the Washington coast; and 2002 off Noyes Island, Alaska (Fig. 2). In May and June 1984, an additional single adult Humboldt Penguin was recorded at Willoughby Rock during weekly shore based seabird and marine mammal counts of the area (Speich and others 1987), which was not included in the Van Buren and Boersma (2007) summary. Van Buren and Boersma (2007) presented compelling arguments to suggest the observations of Humboldt
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".