Mechanisms of Aldehyde-Containing Paper Wet-Strength Resins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ability of dextran (513 000 Da) with pendant acetaldehyde groups to increase the wet strength of filter paper was evaluated as a function of the aldehyde content, impregnation pH, and temperature. The impregnation of filter paper with dextran aldehyde increased the wet tensile strength. By contrast, neither dextran nor unhydrolyzed dextran acetal enhanced the wet paper strength. Drying of the impregnated sheets was a crucial step. Never-dried impregnated filter paper showed no improvement in tensile strength. This result contradicts the behavior of starch aldehyde, which can improve wet web strength. Impregnation under acidic conditions gave greater wet-strength improvements because of enhanced dextran−fiber bond formation compared with that occurring at neutral or alkaline pH. This result was explained by an equilibration process at low pH that allows dextran−dextran bonds to be converted to dextran−fiber bonds. Wet-strength improvements slowly disappeared with rewetting time as a result of the hydrolysis of acetal and hemiacetal dextran−fiber bonds. The hydrolysis rates were fastest at low pH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".