Early carbonation behaviour of no-clinker steel slag binder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of steel slag as a no-clinker binder was studied. Steel slag was activated by CO 2 to develop strength as a cementing material for building product applications. The performance of slag paste compacts formed by low water to slag ratio was characterised by X-ray diffraction analysis, thermal analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis affiliated with energy dispersive spectrometer analysis. Results showed that the mineral components of steel slag, such as calcium hydroxide and calcium silicates (C 3 S and C 2 S), were CO 2 reactive. The reaction products were strength contributing. Immediate carbonation of 2 h was capable of developing rapid early strength while promoting subsequent hydration. The reaction products of steel slag after carbonation and hydration were the combination of poorly crystalline CaCO 3 intermingled with C-S-H gel, which was the characteristic of the early hardening structure of no-clinker steel slag.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".