Rayleigh wave phase-velocity heterogeneity and multilayered azimuthal anisotropy of the Superior Craton, Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study the azimuthally anisotropic upper-mantle structure of the Superior Craton and Grenville Province in Ontario, Canada, using Rayleigh wave phase-velocity data in the period range 40–160 s. 152 two-station dispersion measurements are combined in a tomographic inversion that solves simultaneously for isotropic and anisotropic terms using a least-squares technique. We perform a series of tests to derive optimal regularization (smoothing and damping) and to assess the resolution of, and trade-offs between, isotropic and anisotropic anomalies. The tomographic inversion is able to resolve isotropic phase-velocity anomalies on a scale of 200-300 km and to distinguish between different anisotropic regimes on a 500-km scale across the study region. Isotropic phase-velocity anomalies in the tomographic model span a range of up to ±2 per cent around a regional average which is similar to the Canadian Shield dispersion curve of Brune & Dorman (1963), with phase velocities up to 3 per cent above global reference models. The amplitude of azimuthal phase-velocity anisotropy reaches a maximum of ∼1.2 per cent. A clear east–west division of the study area, based on both isotropic phase-velocity anomalies and azimuthal anisotropy, is apparent. In the western Superior, isotropic phase velocities are generally higher than the regional average. Anisotropy is observed at all periods, with ENE–WSW to NE–SW fast-propagation directions. At periods ≤120 s, the anisotropy likely results from frozen lithospheric fabric aligned with tectonic boundaries, whereas the anisotropy at longer periods is interpreted to arise from present-day sublithospheric flow. The fast directions from published SKS measurements are close to the fast Rayleigh wave propagation directions throughout the period range sampled, and the large SKS splitting times may be accounted for by this near-coincidence of fast-propagation directions. Across most of eastern Ontario, phase velocities are lower than the regional average. Fast-propagation directions rotate from ∼NW–SE at 40–130 s period to WNW–ESE at periods 140–160 s. The results suggest a difference in fast-propagation directions between the anisotropic fabric frozen into the lithosphere and the fabric due to current and recent sublithospheric flow. The Superior Craton and Grenville Province are characterized by large-scale structural variations that reflect the complex tectonic history of the region. This study highlights differences between the characteristics of eastern and western Ontario and indicates the occurrence of multiple layers of anisotropy in the subcratonic upper mantle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".