Calibrating infrasonic to seismic coupling using the Stardust sample return capsule shockwave: Implications for seismic observations of meteors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shock waves produced by meteoroids are detectable by seismograph networks, but a lack of calibration has limited quantitative analysis of signal amplitudes. We report colocated seismic and infrasound observations from reentry of NASA's Stardust sample return capsule (SSRC) on 15 January 2006. The velocity of the SSRC (initially 12.5 km/s) was the highest ever for an artificial object, lying near the low end of the 11.2–72 km/s range typical of meteoroids. Our infrasonic/seismic recordings contain an initial N wave produced by the hypersonic shock front, followed ∼10 s later by an enigmatic series of weak, secondary pulses. The seismic signals also include an intervening dispersed wave train with the characteristics of an air‐coupled Rayleigh wave. We determine an acoustic‐seismic coupling coefficient of 7.3 ± 0.2 μ m s −1 /Pa. This represents an energy admittance of 2.13 ± 0.15%, several orders of magnitude larger than previous estimates derived from earthquake or explosive analogs. Theoretical seismic response was computed using in situ V P and V S measurements, together with laboratory density measurements from samples of the clay‐rich playa. Treatment of the air‐ground interface as an idealized air‐solid contact correctly predicts the initial pulse shape but underestimates its seismic amplitude by a factor of ∼2. Full‐wave synthetic seismograms simulate the air‐coupled Rayleigh wave and suggest that the secondary arrivals are higher‐order Airy phases. Part of the infrasound signal appears to arise from coupling of ground motion into the air, much like earthquake‐induced sounds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".