Physiological Responses of Annual Bluegrass and Creeping Bentgrass to Contrasted Levels of O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> at Low Temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice encasement and impermeable winter protective covers can induce anaerobic conditions on golf greens. We assessed plant survival and biochemical changes of annual bluegrass ( Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass [ Agrostis stoloniferous L. var. palustris (Huds.)] exposed to combinations of O 2 and CO 2 concentrations at low temperatures (1°C or −2°C). Results indicate that lack of O 2 (anoxia) rather than high CO 2 is the source of plant damage. However, combination of low O 2 and high CO 2 induced more severe damage than low O 2 alone. Annual bluegrass was found to be more sensitive to anoxia than creeping bentgrass, and subfreezing temperature delayed anoxia‐induced damage. Sucrose was depleted more rapidly under low O 2 than under normal conditions. Fructan reserves were similarly mobilized in all treatments except for a more pronounced decline in annual bluegrass maintained under high CO 2 at 1°C. A marked accumulation of asparagine at 1°C under normal atmospheric conditions did not occur under anoxia. Reversely, concentrations of alanine and tyrosine increased under low O 2 . Proline accumulation in plants incubated at −2°C was higher under low than under high CO 2 treatments. We observed a relationship between the presence of volatile fatty acids and plant damage under low O 2 . Our study illustrates the complex interaction between O 2 and CO 2 that have both synergistic and independent effect on plant damage under anoxia at low temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".