Microfluidic Characterization of Steam-Bitumen Interactions During Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Operations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In-situ recovery of heavy-oil and bitumen is used when reserves are too deep underground for conventional surface mining technologies. Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is process in which two horizontal wells, one vertically 5m above the other, are drilled into an oil-rich region. Steam is injected into the reservoir from the top well, and an oil steam-condensate mixture is pumped out the production well. The aim of this research is to physically model a section of oil sand in a SAGD operation. An array of micropillars fabricated into a glass microfluidic chip is used to represent the grains of sand. The chip was positioned vertically so that gravity plays a dominate role in drainage. Steam was pumped into the chip, reducing the viscosity of the oil and allowing oil and steam to flow under gravity to the outlet. The position of the steam front and the micro-scale interactions of the steam and oil were recorded over time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".