Dynamics of Methane−Propane Clathrate Hydrate Crystal Growth from Liquid Water with or without the Presence of<i>n</i>-Heptane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Methane−propane clathrate hydrate crystal growth within an enclosure partially filled with liquid water was examined under different undercooling conditions both with and without the presence of n -heptane. Water saturated with guest gas was rapidly undercooled and maintained at constant temperature. The growth of the hydrate phase always started with the formation of a film at the upper surface of the liquid water pool. The visual observations using a microscope revealed detailed features of crystal nucleation, migration, and growth occurring within the water pool. In all experiments, hydrate crystal growth was initiated by the formation of hydrate film at the interface between liquid water and the adjacent gas or n -heptane layer. Hydrate crystals were then observed to grow downward from the film. Undercooling was found to be a key parameter to control the morphology of hydrates growing underneath the hydrate film as it influences the growth rate and configurations of crystals. Moreover, a number of small crystals were seen in the water ascending toward the hydrate film. The evolution of the shape of these crystals was monitored. These crystals were octahedral or triangular or hexagonal platelets. Finally, the role of constitutional undercooling and the memory of the water to the observed crystal growth are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".