Seafloor compliance imaging of marine gas hydrate deposits and cold vent structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seafloor compliance, the transfer function between pressure induced by surface gravity waves and the associated seafloor deformation, can address outstanding questions about the nature of seismic blank zones, identified as cold vents offshore Vancouver Island, near Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 889 and the recent Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 311. Despite extensive seismic studies, it is not known whether free gas or gas hydrate is primarily responsible for the seismic blanking, nor are the concentration and distribution of either component conclusively determined. Here we use the formation's shear modulus to distinguish between gas hydrate, which can strongly alter the shear modulus, and free gas, which cannot. The depth‐dependent gas hydrate distribution and pore‐space saturation are estimated from the frequency variation of seafloor compliance measurements sensitive to the formation's shear modulus. Compliance data are consistent with pervasive moderate hydrate concentration over a broad region and significantly higher cylindrical concentrations associated with the cold vents, perhaps as much as 9 × 106 m3 in the 400 m diameter Bullseye vent, in agreement with controlled‐source electromagnetic data. Compliance data can help distinguish between different models for the structure of such gas hydrate‐bearing cold vents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".