Do territorial male three-spined sticklebacks have sperm with different characteristics than nonterritorial males?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus L., 1758) shows unequal energetic expenditure upon reproduction as some males defend territories and build nest (territorials: TM) where they spawn singly with females, whereas other males remain nonterritorial (NTM), do not build nests, and resort to sneaking fertilizations from nesting males. We examined the effects of reproductive strategy on various sperm parameters. Territorial status was assessed by introducing males in small wading pools and recording the number of males with a nest. Males from all pools were remixed and nesting status was reassessed. This allowed us to discriminate a group of males with repetitive territorial or nonterritorial behaviours (TM and NTM) or a “facultative” territorial behaviour (FM). TM had a significantly larger gonadosomatic index (GSI) than both FM and NTM. FM had a GSI that was significantly larger than NTM, but significantly smaller than TM. Sperm motility did not differ among males with different reproductive tactics. There were no significant differences in citrate synthase (CS) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities among males with different status. Curiously, we found a significant negative relationship between CS and PK activities and total number of sperm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".