Gene transfer: potential to enhance the genome of Atlantic salmon for aquaculture
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the past 20 years we have generated stable lines of transgenic Atlantic salmon possessing either antifreeze protein (AFP) genes or a salmon growth hormone (GH) gene construct. The AFP gene transfer studies were initiated in 1982. The AFP transgene integrated into salmon genomic DNA and AFP has been found in the blood of all 5 generations to date. However, AFP levels are low and a means to raise these levels needs to be developed. Our GH gene transfer studies were initiated in 1989. Evidence to date indicates that a single copy of the GH transgene integrated into chromosomal DNA and has been passed down in Mendelian fashion, along with its rapid growth phenotype, over 6 generations. Laboratory studies indicate that our GH transgene enhances growth rates with Atlantic salmon reaching market size (4–6 kg) a year earlier than non-transgenics cultured commercially in Atlantic Canada. This GH gene transfer technology was patented and licensed to Aqua Bounty Farms Inc., and the transgenic salmon are currently under review by various government regulatory authorities in the USA and Canada for use in commercial aquaculture ventures. Our experience with the regulatory authorities, the industry and the press indicates that the successful introduction of transgenic salmon into the aquaculture industry involves issues concerning not only science but also food safety, environmental safety, animal welfare and consumer acceptance. This communication centres on our experience with Atlantic salmon and outlines our plans and progress towards demonstrating the safety of transgenic fish to the consumer and to the environment.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it