Influence of Habitat Pollution on Organophosphate Esters and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cicadas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study examines the concentration levels of seven organophosphate esters (OPEs) and nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cicadas and the influence factors of their habitats on the contamination of cicadas. Adult cicadas, nymphal exoskeletons, soils, and saps were sampled in Japan. The total concentrations of seven OPEs and nine PAHs for the adult cicadas ranged from 107 to 8940 ng/g-dw and from 58.9 to 1580 ng/g-dw, respectively. Some OPEs and PAHs were detected in heads, thoraxes, and abdomens of the adult cicadas. The concentrations were higher in the heads than in the other parts. The relationship between OPEs and PAHs in soils and those in cicadas was considerably positive. For some OPEs and PAHs, the concentrations in the saps tend to be higher as those in the cicadas increase. These tendencies indicate that cicadas intake OPEs and PAHs from soils and saps contaminated with these pollutants. The concentrations of OPEs and PAHs tend to increase with those in the atmospheric depositions. This probably shows that OPEs and PAHs in atmospheric depositions pollute soils, and cicadas intake the pollutants from the contaminated soils and saps.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".