The role of crosslinking in modification of the immune response elicited against xenogenic vascular acellular matrices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have used detergent and enzymatic extraction of natural arteries to produce an acellular matrix vascular prosthesis (AMVP). Implanted as an allograft in a canine model, this AMVP shows excellent handling characteristics, low thromboreactivity, no evidence of aneurysm, and exceptional graft patency in the peripheral vasculature. As a first step in the development of xenograft AMVPs, we processed caprine carotid arteries to AMVP and implanted them as femoral interposition grafts in dogs. Explanted xenografts at 4 weeks showed multifocal mixed inflammatory infiltrates and focal destruction of the medial elastin in the inflammatory foci. To further study the immune response to xenogenic AMVP, we implanted canine-derived AMVPs and fresh canine arteries for 4 weeks in a Lewis rat model. Extraction to AMVP markedly reduced the circulating antibody response to the xenogenic implants; however, histological analysis revealed that both xenograft arteries and AMVPs produced a marked immune response with penetration of mononuclear cells into the media and adventitia. To modify the immune response, we applied three crosslinking techniques to the canine AMVPs: glutaraldehyde, polyglycidyl ether, and carbodiimide. All crosslinkers significantly reduced degradation and cellular infiltration of the prostheses. However, crosslinking neither eliminated the chronic inflammatory response surrounding the implants nor reduced the humoral response to the xenogenic materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".