Aluminium Alloy Tubulars—Assessment for Ultralong Well Construction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Remaining oil and gas resources situated in easily accessible reservoirs are continuously dwindling, forcing the drilling industry to extend the range of possible targets for production activity to deposits located at considerable depths and a long way from drilling sites. With significant increase in the price of oil, a large number of deposits whose development was previously considered non-economical became suitable for exploitation. Most of these deposits lie offshore and need a borehole of considerable length to reach them from land. Recently the industry experienced a rapid increase in TMD of ERD wells, and reached the record of 11,282m TMD at Sakhalin-1 project in Russia. Several other ultra-long ERD wells include 11,278m TMD (10,728 m displacement) at Wytch Farm M-16 in UK; 11,184 m TMD (10,585 m displacement) at CN-1 in Argentina; 9,082m TMD in Visund, North Sea and etc. Drilling of such long wells, where conventional technology is stretched to its limits, is extremely challenging. Most critical of such challenges is increase in weight of the drill string, leading to considerable growth of drag. In ultra-long wells, the drag may rapidly reach values making it impossible to continue drilling without either reducing frictional forces or reducing the gravity force component acting between the contact surfaces. Reducing the weight of the drill string provides great benefits in ERD operations. One of the solutions for extending the limits of horizontal well drilling is the replacement of conventional steel drill pipe with light alloy drill pipe. This pipe contains a number of superior properties offering important benefits. The most important of them is decrease of drag and torque in horizontal sections, which reduce the possibility of buckling initiation. Aluminium drill pipe (ADP) has extensive productive operational experience in drilling various types of wells. One of the outstanding achievements gained with utilization of ADP was reaching the world record depth of drilling at Kola Ultra-deep Well in 1990. The drilling of this well was performed by use of downhole motors with simultaneous drill string rotation, which predominantly consisted of ADP. The drilling of this well presented a huge amount of operational experience, which in turn was effectively used in drilling less complicated wells. In fact, ADP usage averaged about 80% of all drill pipe in operation in the Soviet Union by 1980-s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".