Lysine acetylation: enzymes, bromodomains and links to different diseases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lysine acetylation refers to transfer of the acetyl moiety from acetyl-CoA to the ε-amino group of a lysine residue on a protein. This has recently emerged as a major covalent modification and interplays with other modifications, such as phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination (addition of a small protein called ubiquitin) and SUMOylation [addition of a ubiquitin-like protein known as SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier)], to form multisite modification programmes for cellular regulation in diverse organisms. This modification is post-translational (i.e. after synthesis of a protein) and reversible, with its level being dynamically balanced by two groups of enzymes known as lysine acetyltransferases and deacetylases. The acetyltransferases belong to three major families, whereas deacetylases have been divided into the classical and sirtuin [Sir-tu-in, for Sir2 (silent information regulator 2)-like protein; named after the yeast protein Sir2] families. In addition to these enzymes, proteins containing the bromodomain, a protein module named after the fly protein Brahma (God of creation in Hindu), are relevant to lysine acetylation biology due to their ability to recognize acetyl-lysine-containing peptides. Importantly, recent studies have made intimate links between these three different groups of proteins to different pathological conditions. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of these proteins and emphasize their direct links to related human diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".