The Population of <i>B</i> <i>z</i> <i>K</i> -selected ULIRGs at <i>z</i> ~ 2
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigate the multiwavelength emission of BzK -selected star-forming galaxies at z ~ 2 in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) North region. Most (82%) of the sources are individually detected at 24 μm in the Spitzer MIPS imaging, and one-fourth (26%) in the VLA radio data. Significant detections of the individually undetected objects are obtained through stacking in the radio, submillimeter, and X-ray domains. The typical star-forming galaxy with stellar mass ~10 11 M ☉ at z = 2 is an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG), with L IR ~ (1-2) × 10 12 L ☉ and star formation rate SFR ≈ 200-300 M ☉ yr -1 , implying a comoving density of ULIRGs at z = 2 at least 3 orders of magnitude above the local one. SFRs derived from the reddening-corrected UV luminosities agree well, on average, with the longer wavelength estimates. The high 24 μm detection rate suggests a relatively large duty cycle for the BzK star-forming phase, which is consistent with the available independent measurements of the space density of passively evolving galaxies at z > 1.4. If the IMF at z = 2 is similar to the local one, and in particular if it is not top-heavy, this suggests that a substantial fraction of the high-mass tail (≳10 11 M ☉ ) of the galaxy stellar mass function was completed by z ≈ 1.4.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".