Disease dynamics and the potential role of thermal stress in the sea urchin, <i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Evidence from field and laboratory data indicates that warmer ocean temperatures likely play a critical role in the disease dynamics of intertidal populations of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Urchin populations along the west coast of North America have experienced numerous disease epidemics in the past several decades, and yet little is known about disease transmission, the geographic extent, or contributing factors to these outbreaks. In this study, we examine disease in Pacific Strongylocentrotus urchins over a broad geographic range with repeated sampling. We suggest that what has been assumed to be a single disease might be two distinct diseases presenting two disparate pathologies. Both potential pathologies were extremely rare or absent north of Point Conception, California, in a region associated with strong upwelling and cooler water temperatures but were common at warmer sites in southern California and northern Baja California, Mexico. Furthermore, during the survey period, disease prevalence at some of the study sites was positively correlated with sea surface temperatures as estimated from satellite data, leading us to hypothesize that heat stress may increase urchin susceptibility to disease. In experimentally elevated water temperatures, diseased individuals had significantly larger lesions and a significantly lower gonadal index, which could have important implications for urchin population dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".