Measurement of the Viscosity and Density of Two Reference Fluids, with Nominal Viscosities at <i>T </i>= 298 K and <i>p </i>= 0.1 MPa of (16 and 29) mPa·s, at Temperatures between (298 and 393) K and Pressures below 55 MPa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have measured the viscosity and density of certified reference materials N10 and S20 with nominal viscosities at T = 298 K and p = 0.1 MPa of (16 and 29) mPa·s, respectively, at temperatures in the range of (298 to 393) K and pressures between (0.1 and 55) MPa. These measurements extend the pressure range by 55 MPa and the temperature range by 20 K over which the viscosity and density of these fluids are known. Both a vibrating wire, with a wire diameter of 0.1 mm, and oscillating sinker viscometers were used for the measurements with standard uncertainties ( k = 1) of ±1 % and ±2 %, respectively, whereas density was obtained from a vibrating tube densimeter with an uncertainty of ±0.1 %. The viscosity obtained from both instruments agreed within a reasonable multiple of the combined expanded uncertainty over the whole range of viscosities from (1.8 to 76) mPa·s, where the latter value represents the upper useful operating viscosity of the vibrating wire. The measured viscosity and density have been combined with the appropriate certified values for N10 and S20 at p = 101.325 kPa to obtain interpolation expressions with leading terms based on the cited values. Our equation represents the measured viscosities to within ±2 % and the densities to within ±0.2 % that are consistent with the expanded uncertainty ( k = 2) of our measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".