Population-based comparative epidemiological survey of hepatitis B, D, and C among Inuit migrated to Denmark and in high endemic Greenland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic among Arctic populations where it may have a benign course. However, the relation of HBV to migration to low endemic areas is unknown, as it is for hepatitis D and C, and details on the influence of delta virus at a population level are lacking. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Population-based investigation of Greenlanders living in Denmark (n = 136) and in Greenland (n = 441). We tested for HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg, anti-HBe, HBV-DNA, HBV genotypes, anti-HDV, HDV-RNA, anti-HCV, HCV-Elisa test, HCV-RNA, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, bilirubin, and albumin, and performed a physical examination. RESULTS: Participation rate was 52/95% in Denmark/Greenland. Half of participants in Denmark had lived more than half of their lives in Denmark, and 54.5% had been exposed to HBV. This was similar to 53% among Greenlanders living in West Greenland (p = 0.76). HBsAg was positive in 4.4% of Greenlanders in Denmark (n = 6), who all were anti-HBe positive and had low viral load. Serological signs of HBV infection associated with having both parents born in Greenland (p = 0.007) and with IV drug use (p = 0.03). We found serological signs of HDV exposure among participants in Denmark/Greenland in 0.7/1.1% (n = 1/5) and HCV exposure in 1.5/0.0% (n = 2/0). Liver biochemistry was elevated in Greenlanders exposed to HDV. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis B, D, and C occurrences among Greenlanders in Denmark mirrored that of Greenland. Importantly, previously undetected exposure to delta virus associated with elevated liver biochemistry, and the introduction of delta virus is a liability to Greenlanders and to Greenland.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".