Models for Solar Abundance Stars with Gravitational Settling and Radiative Accelerations: Application to M67 and NGC 188
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Evolutionary models taking into account radiative accelerations, thermal diffusion, and gravitational settling for 28 elements, including all those contributing to OPAL stellar opacities, have been calculated for solar metallicity stars of 0.5-1.4 M ☉ . The Sun has been used to calibrate the models. Isochrones are fitted to the observed color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of M67 and NGC 188, and ages of 3.7 and 6.4 Gyr are respectively determined. Convective core overshooting is not required to match the turnoff morphology of either cluster, including the luminosity of the gap in M67, because central convective cores are larger when diffusive processes are treated. This is due mainly to the enhanced helium and metal abundances in the central regions of such models. The observation of solar metallicity open clusters with ages in the range of 4.8-5.7 Gyr would further test the calculations of atomic diffusion in central stellar regions: according to nondiffusive isochrones, clusters should not have gaps near their main-sequence turnoffs if they are older than ≈4.8 Gyr, whereas diffusive isochrones predict that gaps should persist up to ages of ≈5.7 Gyr. Surface abundance isochrones are also calculated. In the case of M67 and NGC 188, surface abundance variations are expected to be small. Abundance differences between stars of very similar T eff are expected close to the turnoff, especially for elements between P and Ca. Moreover, in comparison to the results obtained for giants, small generalized underabundances are expected in main-sequence stars. The Li/Be ratio is discussed briefly and compared with observations. The inclusion of a turbulent transport parameterization that reduces surface abundance variations does not significantly modify the computed isochrones.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".