Etiology of community-acquired pediatric viral diarrhea: a prospective longitudinal study in hospitals, emergency departments, pediatric practices and child care centers during the winter rotavirus outbreak, 1997 to 1998
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the viral etiology of community-acquired diarrhea in children admitted to hospitals and presenting in emergency departments, pediatric practices and child care centers from November 1, 1997, to June 30, 1998. STUDY DESIGN: Children with diarrhea were identified in a prospective multisite cohort study and analyzed according to age, gender and duration of hospitalization. Stools were tested for rotavirus by enzyme immunoassay and for all other enteric viruses by electron microscopy. RESULTS: Of the 2524 children identified with diarrhea, stools of 1386 (55%) were tested by enzyme immunoassay for rotavirus, and of these 1365 (54%) were screened by electron microscopy for all identifiable enteric viruses. Rotavirus was found in 32% (n = 437), adenovirus in 4% (n = 55), torovirus in 3% (n = 44), Norwalk-like viruses in 2% (n = 25) and astrovirus (n = 14) and calicivirus (n = 7) in fewer than 1% of the specimens tested. The proportion of rotavirus was significantly higher in children 12 to 23 months of age (43% of tested stools, n = 159) and 24 to 35 months of age (38% of tested stools, n = 64) (P < 0.001) than in any other age group. Toroviruses were found to approximately the same extent in children > or =36 months of age (6% of tested stools, n = 19) as those <36 months of age. Rotavirus (36% of tested stools, n = 375, P < 0.0005) and torovirus (4% of tested stools, n = 43, P < 0.004) were most often found in hospitalized patients. In contrast Norwalk-like viruses (P < 0.001) and astroviruses (P < 0.01) were more commonly detected in specimens from patients who presented to physicians' offices and who were symptomatic for gastroenteritis in child care centers. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that although all known gastroenteritis viruses were diagnosed in symptomatic children, rotavirus was the etiologic agent in most cases of diarrhea managed in the community and in the hospital.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".