Positive Electrode Materials in the Li-Mn-Ni-O System Exhibiting Anomalous Capacity Growth during Extended Cycling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single- and multi-phase compositions in the Li-Mn-Ni-O system with a Ni:Mn ratio of 1:5 and varying Li contents were synthesized and characterized by XRD and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements. As the Li content relative to Ni and Mn was decreased, the materials were observed to be either single-phase layered, two-phase layered-rocksalt, or three-phase layered-rocksalt-spinel, depending on their location within the Li-Mn-Ni-O phase diagram. SEM analysis revealed significant differences in primary and secondary particle size, shape, and morphology depending on Li content. Differential capacity analysis showed that the samples underwent significant structural rearrangements with extended cycling of half-cells to 4.9 V, accompanied by the evolution of a spinel phase exhibiting a 3 V plateau on discharge. Surprisingly, each composition exhibited an anomalous, gradual increase in capacity with continual cycling, with several compositions producing capacities in excess of 300% of their initial values over 150 cycles. The magnitude of capacity growth was strongly dependent on the lower voltage limit during cycling, with significant growth occurring only when discharging below 3 V. This apparent capacity "growth" phenomenon is not well understood at present, but appears to be strongly associated with the phase transformation of the layered phases in each composition to a new "spinel-like" phase when discharging below 3 V.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".