Phase-Controlled Synthesis of MnO<sub>2</sub> Nanocrystals by Anodic Electrodeposition: Implications for High-Rate Capability Electrochemical Supercapacitors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The crystal structure of anodically electrodeposited MnO 2 nanocrystals can be manipulated by introducing complexing agents in the electrodeposition solutions. MnO 2 nanocrystals with three types of crystal structures were observed: hexagonal ε-MnO 2 (complex-free), defective rock salt MnO 2 (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), and defective antifluorite MnO 2 (citrate). The capacitive performance of the MnO 2 nanocrystals depends strongly on their crystal structures. MnO 2 with defective rock salt and antifluorite structures exhibit better capacitive properties than ε-MnO 2 . The electrochemical capacitance differences can be explained in terms of the crystal chemistry. In both the defective rock salt and antifluorite MnO 2, an anomalous trend was observed. The specific capacitance does not decrease with increasing scanning rate. A possible reason is that certain physicochemical changes, such as phase transformations or morphology changes, occur preferentially at high cycling rates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".