Seed Predation in<i>Philodendron solimoesense</i>(Araceae) by Chalcid Wasps (Hymenoptera)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The relationships between Philodendron solimoesense and the larvae of two chalcid wasp species, inhabiting up to 88% of the infructescences, were studied in French Guiana. Exurus sp. (Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae, Tetrastichinae), is a gall maker and its larvae develop at the expense of seeds which are transformed into galls. We estimate that two seeds are necessary for the development of one eulophid. Their impact on plant reproductive success appears to be important, since parasitized fruits produce 60% fewer seeds than nonparasitized fruits and could explain the reduced seed set observed (53%). The larvae of a Sycophila sp. (Chalcidoidea, Eurytomidae, Eurytominae) are also present in the fruits of P. solimoesense occupied by eulophid larvae. The eurytomid larvae apparently develop at the expense of about one eulophid and are responsible for the death of 39% of them by direct predation or indirectly by consuming the gall tissues. Eulophids are far more abundant than eurytomids, since parasitized fruits contain an average of 11 eulophids but only one eurytomid. As chalcid wasp emergence takes place in a closed cavity and sex ratios are strongly biased in a given gall, local mate competition may occur as observed for fig wasps within figs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".