Chromosome change and the evolution in the Antarctic fish suborder Notothenioidei
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The majority of species of the Antarctic coastal fish fauna is represented today by the perciform suborder Notothenioidei. The separation of basal lineages of notothenioids has been estimated to have occurred between 23 and 22 million years ago (m.y.a.), while a major diversification probably occurred 16–10 m.y.a. Cytogenetic approaches aim to study the genomic change that, at the cell level, accompanied the radiation of this group. The information available for 66 of 120–130 species makes possible the description of the main patterns of chromosome diversification within the suborder. Within some families (Channichthyidae, Artedidraconidae) the range of the chromosomal variability seems to be minimal whilst the high karyotypic diversity of Nototheniidae and Bathydraconidae is consistent with morphological and molecular data suggesting the paraphyletic nature of these two taxa. Molecular cytogenetics allows detailed chromosome characterization, including mapping of ribosomal genes and of telomeric sequences, thus providing information on processes of karyotypic rearrangement and direction of chromosomal change. Active process of genomic restructuring leads to intraspecific variability in several species, at different levels of chromosomal organization. The growing amount of information make it possible to use notothenioids as a model for testing hypotheses of evolutionary change in marine organisms, including chromosomal diversification.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".