Hexagonal Tungsten Oxide Based Electrochromic Devices: Spectroscopic Evidence for the Li Ion Occupancy of Four-Coordinated Square Windows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Macroporous hexagonal WO 3 (h-WO 3 ) films were obtained at 400 °C from a sol containing tungstic acid with organically modified silane as a template. Asymmetric electrochromic devices based on the macroporous h-WO 3 layer were constructed. XRD and micro-Raman studies of the intercalation/deintercalation of lithium into the h-WO 3 layer of the device as a function of the applied voltages were performed. In h-WO 3, Li + can be intercalated into three potential sites: trigonal cavity (TC), hexagonal window (HW), and four-coordinated square window (SW). XRD measurements show systematic changes in the lattice parameter, which was associated with the amount of Li intercalated into the h-WO 3 layer. Correspondingly, Raman spectroscopy shows that at 1.0 V Li + completely fill TC and partially fill HW sites. For potentials ≥1.5 V, Li + are inserted into the SW, as evidenced from the vanishing of the ν(O−W−O) Raman modes. The reversible characteristics of the device from optical measurements and Raman spectra demonstrated that the coloration process in the electrochromic device is mainly due to the Li + that occupy HW and SW sites of the h-WO 3 . Optical measurements performed as a function of applied potentials, show excellent contrasts between colored and bleached states and qualifies the macroporous h-WO 3 -based device for smart window applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".