The effects of inter-ocular contrast differences on binocular rivalry in younger and older observers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Beers et al. (VSS 2013) demonstrated that monocular dominance (MD) during binocular rivalry increases significantly with aging. Age differences in optical factors, such as sensitivity to inter-ocular contrast differences could provide an explanation. To investigate potential age-related changes in MD, we measured binocular rivalry in younger (aged 20-28) and older (aged 70-79) adults using pairs of orthogonal, oblique sine wave gratings that differed in contrast. In baseline conditions, rivalry was measured with equal stimulus contrasts (0.2 or 0.8) presented to both eyes. In the test condition, stimulus contrast was 0.2 in one eye and 0.8 in the other eye, with the eye viewing the higher contrast counter-balanced across trials. During each trial, participants reported their perceptual state by pressing buttons on a response box (the two exclusive percepts, mixed, and fading). MD was defined as the difference between the proportion of time a participant reported seeing each exclusive percept. MD in the baseline conditions was significantly greater in older than younger adults, supporting our previous findings. However, MD did not differ between age groups in the test condition. The introduction of an inter-ocular contrast difference of 0.6 caused MD to increase significantly in younger adults, whereas the contrast difference had an insignificant effect in older adults who already had shown strong MD in baseline conditions. A follow-up experiment measured binocular rivalry in younger adults with a wider range of inter-ocular contrast differences: 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6. A contrast difference of 0.4 was needed to produce a level of MD that was approximately equivalent to that found in older adults with contrast-matched stimuli. These results demonstrate that a large difference in inter-ocular contrast is required to produce MD in younger adults that is equivalent to the MD found in older adults, suggesting neural changes in binocular vision with aging. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2014
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".