Native eelgrass (<i>Zostera marina</i> L.) survival and growth adjacent to non-native oysters (<i>Crassostrea gigas</i> Thunberg) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We investigated effects of the introduced Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) on native eelgrass (Zostera marina) health on Cortes Island, British Columbia, Canada. Oysters physically alter their environment by increasing habitat complexity and altering water flow, and possibly by causing sulphide to accumulate in the sediment. Sulphide is toxic to eelgrass, and the current decline of eelgrass around Cortes Island may be a consequence of oyster population growth. While oysters and eelgrass coexist at a regional scale, eelgrass is typically absent directly seaward of oyster beds (the “below-oyster zone”) on Cortes Island. In a controlled experiment, we transplanted eelgrass plugs to below-oyster plots to determine whether this habitat is suitable for eelgrass growth. Shoot and leaf number were significantly greater over time in eelgrass-bed transplants than in below-oyster transplants. These results indicate that the below-oyster zone is unsuitable for eelgrass growth; if a causal link exists between oyster presence in the high intertidal zone and eelgrass absence directly seaward, then expansion of feral and farmed oyster beds will result in further eelgrass loss on Cortes Island.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".