Normally Cycling and Latch Bridges in Venous Smooth Muscle
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have studied the mechanical properties of the crossbridges of canine saphenous venous smooth muscle during activation by electrical stimulation. A length-tension relationship study showed that at optimal length (1o) the maximum isometric tension (Po) developed was 87.9 mN/mm2. Resting tension at 1o was only 6% Po, which indicates a very compliant muscle. Active tension was observed at muscle lengths greater than 0.3 1o. The maximum shortening capacity was 0.65 1o. Force-velocity and series elastic characteristics were determined by the method of quick release to a set of load clamps applied during the course of an isometric contraction. The data were fitted by the hyperbolic Hill equation. Estimated maximum shortening velocity at zero load (Vo) an index of the crossbridge cycling rate) was 0.26 1o/s which was attained early in the contraction (5 s after the stimulation). A 11.9% decline in Vo was observed at the plateau of the contraction which occurred at 15 s. The stress (sigma)-strain (epsilon) curve for the series elastic component could be approximated by the equation sigma = B[exp(A epsilon)-1], where A = 76.51 (1/1o), B = 2.89 mN/mm2 at 5 s and A = 61.49 (1/1o), B = 1.85 mN/mm2 at 15 s. Like other smooth muscles, in general, saphenous vein develops considerable isometric tension and has a high shortening capacity but a low shortening velocity. The reduction in shortening velocity that occurs after 5 s in an isometric contraction is probably due to the development of so-called latch bridges.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it