Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Diamond is one of the remarkable forms of carbon. For example, it can be found in nature with an impurity content of less than 1 ppm, or it can be synthesized either as a single‐crystal or as a polycrystalline deposit on various surfaces. Furthermore, boron doping makes it a p‐type semiconductor, and even superconducting. Diamond is also one of the few materials where optical absorption (OA) yields relevant information on defects, including the omnipresent nitrogen impurity. This is so because in diamond many defects have sharp zero‐phonon lines. Irradiation produces vacancies and interstitials both of which have been identified by OA and electron paramagnetic resonance, and also by positron annihilation (vacancy only). Irradiation‐produced defects are remarkable stable, with the monovacancy becoming mobile at 700 °C, and the divacancy surviving to at least 1000 °C. In this contribution are reviewed relevant aspects of diamond physics and what positron annihilation has contributed so far. Diamond provides the opportunity for a correlation between optical absorption and positron results, including the difficult issue of the electrical charge of a defect. Such combined experiments are presently searching for the elusive positively charged monovacancy in irradiated B doped single crystalline diamond. Future positron experiments could with benefit be aimed at investigating vacancy impurity complexes, such as the one claimed by OA as a four nitrogen‐vacancy complex. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".