Pathophysiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In normal animals, cyclic airway closure and reopening during prolonged mechanical ventilation at low lung volumes causes histological damage of small airways, characterized by epithelial sloughing and lesion and/or rupture of alveolar-bronchiolar attachments, with a concurrent increase in airway resistance that persists after restoration of physiological end-expiratory lung volume. Peripheral airway injury should be therefore expected to occur when the closing capacity exceeds the functional residual capacity and tidal airway closure is regularly present during spontaneous breathing. On these basis, it is proposed that in smokers the transition from peripheral airway disease to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by three sequential stages: Stage I, during which the closing capacity eventually exceeds the functional residual capacity, i.e. airway closure and reopening occur cyclically with breathing; Stage II, during which tidal expiratory flow limitation is eventually exhibited; and Stage III, during which dynamic hyperinflation progressively increases leading to dyspnea and exercise limitation. In this perspective, it is tidal airway closure and, probably, tidal expiratory flow limitation that promote peripheral airway injury, accelerate the abnormalities of lung function, and may determine which smoker is destined to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Keywords: Airway closure, airway inflammation, closing volume, expiratory flow limitation, lung mechanics, peripheral airway injury
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".