Double-Crested Cormorants During the Chick-Rearing Period at a Large Colony in Southern Ontario: Analyses of Chick Diet, Feeding Rates and Foraging Directions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the last 25 years, North America has experienced a significant increase in Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). The increase has caused concern among wildlife and fisheries managers dealing with the perceived and/or real impacts of this bird on fisheries. Cormorant foraging and breeding ecology were examined at a large (>6,000 pairs), unmanaged colony in Lake Ontario, Canada. Chick diet, feeding rates and productivity were evaluated during 2006 and 2007. In 2007, the proportion of adult cormorants making long-range foraging trips (more than ten kilometers) during different stages of the breeding season was estimated. Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) composed greater than 86% of chick diet by mass during both years; suggesting that cormorants did not often prey on sport fish for feeding chicks. Chicks were fed approximately 4.5 times per day in 2006, which was significantly lower than 5.9 feeds per day during 2007. Productivity was high in both years, with 2.2 and 1.9 chicks produced per nest in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The decrease in productivity corresponded with an increase in colony size, from 6,125 to 7,241 pairs. In 2007, approximately one-fifth of the nesting colony foraged at least ten kilometers throughout the breeding season. Cormorants fed their chicks very few sport fish in the Toronto area; however, more work is required to determine whether the consumption of Alewife by cormorants represents competition with sport fish for prey.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".