Hollow-point ammunition and handguns: The potential for large temporary cavities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the civilian setting, gunshot wounds are usually secondary to handguns. Wound ballistics for handgun bullets are notable for low velocities and low kinetic energy; as a result, these bullets are thought to only injure tissues that are directly in their path. This bullet tract is called the permanent cavity. In contrast, high velocity rifles can also create temporary cavities; the kinetic energy imparted by these bullets is propagated as hydrostatic force that displaces tissue forward and radially, producing a temporary displacement of tissues. This temporary cavity may be considerably larger than the diameter of the bullet, but rarely lasts longer than a few milliseconds before collapsing back into the permanent cavity. We describe a case where a patient presented with a large pulmonary contusion that was secondary to the temporary cavity caused by a tangential handgun wound to the chest. In this case, the gunshot wound was caused by a calibre .40 handgun using hollow-point ammunition. Some consideration, however, should be given to the type of handgun and ammunition used. Large calibre handgun bullets may also cause large temporary cavities. In addition, hollow-point bullets may also contribute to a large temporary cavitation effect. Hollow-point bullets are designed to rapidly deform upon entering tissue, thereby becoming unstable. As a result, these bullets tend to disintegrate upon contact, remain within the target, and impart all of their kinetic energy to the surrounding tissue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".