Recent advances in the development of novel mucosal adjuvants and antigen delivery systems
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
disposal, 6,7 as well as higher capacity for mass immunizations such as during influenza pandemics. 8espite the obvious advantages of mucosal vaccines, few have made it to market, and fewer currently remain approved for use in humans. 6,7,9A major obstacle in the development of an effective mucosal vaccine is the requirement to breach the mucosal epithelial barrier, present the antigen efficiently to the mucosal immune system, and overcome natural tolerance at mucosal surfaces. 3,10djuvants can be classified into one of two broad categories: they are either immunostimulatory molecules like CpG oligonucleotide (ODN), bacterial toxins and cytokines or delivery vehicles like liposomes, microparticles and emulsions.In many instances, however, adjuvants may posses dual (both immunostimulation and antigen delivery) or overlapping functions.All currently approved mucosal vaccines are based on live-attenuated or killed pathogen cells 3,6 which, although highly effective, raise concerns regarding potential reversion to virulence and reactogenicity.Therefore, there is ongoing extensive research into the development of novel mucosal adjuvants and non-replicating delivery systems (Table 1), especially for antigens which are not highly immunogenic on their own. 1,3,6,[11][12]2][13][14] Most of these mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems have been extensively reviewed recently. [15][16]6][17][18][19][20] This review focuses on the recent approaches involving archaeal lipid mucosal vaccine adjuvant and delivery (AMVAD) system, 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) and detoxified bacterial AB 5 toxins.M cell targeted mucosal vaccine delivery strategies are also discussed. Lipid-Based and Archaeal Lipid Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvant and DeliverySeveral lipid-based or lipid-containing mucosal adjuvants are currently being evaluated for mucosal vaccination (Table 1). 15,18,[20][21]1][22][23][24] For some of these adjuvants, issues of actual or perceived toxicity, stability, complexity and scalability of preparation as well as efficacy and duration of induced immune responses remain unresolved. 6,11,13,25,26For instance, ISCOMATRIX TM (colloidal, spherical structures, comprising of saponin such as Quil A, cholesterol and a phospholipid) has potential as a mucosal adjuvant 27,28 but it may not be easily amenable for use with hydrophilic protein antigens, and concerns/perceptions regarding saponin toxicity remain. 29,30Cochleate vaccines derived by interaction of multivalent cations with ester lipid liposomes 31,32 or with proteoliposomes 24,33 have been investigated for mucosal
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it