Recent advances in the development of novel mucosal adjuvants and antigen delivery systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mucosal infections and associated diseases remain a major socio-economic burden to society. Since parenteral immunizations fail to induce efficient protective immunity at mucosal surfaces, mucosal immunization is a logical approach to prevent and treat mucosally-initiated infections. All currently approved human mucosal vaccines are based on attenuated or killed whole pathogen cells but this strategy does pose safety concerns. Therefore, substantial effort is being invested to develop safe and effective mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems for mucosal vaccines. Encouragingly, some of these have progressed to advanced preclinical and clinical studies. This review discusses the promising preclinical research and the potential applications of several novel mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems: an archaeal lipid mucosal vaccine adjuvant and delivery (AMVAD) system, 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) and detoxified bacterial AB(5) toxins. The potential and challenges in targeting M cells for mucosal vaccination are also discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".