Development of a long-range untethered frictional microcrawler
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the development and performance of a new type of microcrawler. The frictional microcrawler is distinguished from previous microcrawling robots in that it operates by taking advantage of the friction/stiction present between its segments and the surface upon which it travels. It is driven by conventional thermal actuators that create a sequence of horizontal forces that push the microcrawler forward against friction forces one segment at a time. It can be precisely positioned by accumulating micron sized steps. It is capable of long-range reversible motion which is limited only by the length of the tracks along which it travels. The microcrawler requires less than 3 V to operate and it can travel at velocities exceeding 700 µm s−1. It can develop a horizontal force greater than 130 µN and it continues to operate reliably while carrying a load of over 100 times its own weight of 1 µN. Experiments have shown that it can even climb a vertical wall. The effect of input frequency, actuation voltage and size of contact area on the measured crawling velocity and force are presented and discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".